Pharaon
Egypt always coped absolute monarch. King, or pharaon, was considered as the alive god, which after the illusory death should join other deities. He carried a title of the Son of the Sun and embodied authority religious, political and military in all Egypt. His assistant was the first minister (visire), heading the executive authority. "Pharaon" is actually Greek distortion of the Egyptian word designating imperial palace. This word began to designate the person of king only from time of a New empire after 1580 up to AD.
The civil and administrative device
The Egyptians were divided into classes. Most esteemed were religioners, with which the service in temples was trusted. Rich and influential, they were released from the taxes and contained on means of temples. Other classes is to know, has political and religious authority in provinces; wrighters - officials of imperial administration, and, at last, most part of the people consisting of the handicraftsmen and the peasants.
Agriculture
From the deepest antiquity Egypt was always in the basic agrarian country making fruit, beans, lentil and first of all grain - wheat and barley, which were exported in plenties. The painting of different epoch on agricultural subjects shows us, that the used instruments of work do not differ almost from what are used by the Egyptian peasants today.
Manufacture and trade
In Egypt the crafts and trade were advanced enough. The large variety of subjects found in tombs, proves, that the Egyptians were able with rare art to process gold, silver and that they created remarkable ornaments from jewels. The jeweller products (ring, bracelets, suspension bracket) differed by improbable perfection at IV, XII, XVIII and XX dynasties.
Using primitive tools, they successfully manufactured precious fabrics, produced ceramics, glass, enamels. The coins were not: the goods exchanged under the agreement. To the peoples of Nubia, for example, they gave back the agricultural products and craft products - wheat, bow, weapon, ornament - in exchange for a tree, leather, gold. From Arabia the spices were brought, Finikia delivered in a plenty wood. Since XVIII dynasties the Egyptians fasten the favourable enough business relations with the countries Efrat east islands of the Mediterranean sea: cuprum, for example, was brought from Cyprus.
Sciences
Under the religion doctrine, the bases of a science were initially transferred to the people by the god of the moon Tot, which was considered as the inventor of the letter and has created all products inspired with a maximum deity. The Greeks identified him with Germes Trismigist, that means " three times powerfull ". Ancient Egypt was obliged to another Germes by all civil institutes. The astronomy has reached in Egypt of unknown heights. In immemorial times the Egyptians, were based on supervision of movement of heavenly bodies, have calculated astronomical year divided for 12 months for 30 days, grouped in three agricultural season for 4 months in everyone: the period of flood, period of sowing and period of harvest. By 360 days of year they added 5 days appropriate to the main holidays.
The medicine has appeared also very much early, but more often it contacted to magic. We were reached by the numerous medical treatises: on ginecology, on surgery, paper of the recipes and various medicines.
Without any doubt, Egyptian medicinian knew medical properties of plants. In the field of anatomy, opposite(on the contrary), their knowledge was limited, despite of their experience mumificaqtion, as from the religious point of view the corpse was considered sacred... |
